%PDF-1.6 % 1 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState 250 0 R/XObject 251 0 R>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 9/Type/Page/Tabs/S>> endobj 2 0 obj [11 0 R 10 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R] endobj 3 0 obj <>stream /CS0 cs 1 scn 36 766.552 576 -694.552 re f BT /P <>BDC 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 747.931 Tm [(Just)-48( across)-55( the)-22( border)-51( up)-6( north,)-31( in)-46( Canada,)-43( the)-22( situation)-41( is)-43( more)-16( nuanced.)-4( A)-39( few)-32( years)-26( ago,)-54( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.471 TD [(courts)-42( said)-48( in)-45( the)-22( Amazon)]TJ EMC ET /P <>BDC BT /CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tw 8.6897 0 0 8.6897 184.9655 736.1379 Tm (2)Tj ET /CS1 CS 0 0 1 SCN 0.621 w q 1 0 0 1 184.9655 735.5172 cm 0 0 m 4.966 0 l S Q EMC BT /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 189.931 732.4138 Tm [( decision)-38( that)-38( computer)-8( implementations)-14( could)-22( be)-6( an)-6( essential)-54( element)-31( of)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC -12.235 -1.235 Td [(a)-32( valid)-3( patent.)-1( We)-29( are)-26( still)-27( hoping)-57( for)-9( some)-25( specific)-19( decision)-38( on)-6( AI)-55( systems.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(In)-48( Europe,)-27( Article)-45( 52)-6( of)-48( the)-22( European)-17( Patent)-50( Convention)-60( excludes)-54( "programs)-10( for)-9( computers".)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.471 TD [(However,)-12( a)-32( patent)-43( may)-52( be)-6( granted)-21( if)-29( a)-32( \223technical)-15( problem\224)-55( is)-43( resolved)-45( by)-3( a)-32( non)-38(-)-20(obvious)-25( method)]TJ EMC ET /P <>BDC BT /CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tw 8.6897 0 0 8.6897 515.1724 684.6207 Tm (3)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 515.1724 684 cm 0 0 m 4.966 0 l S Q EMC BT /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 520.1379 680.8965 Tm (.)Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -43.529 -1.235 Td [(There)-35( may)-52( be)-6( some)-26( limited)-52( potential)-43( for)-9( patents)-14( on)-6( Artificial)-29( Intelligence)-60( technologies)-33( there.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(The)-42( recently)-28( updated)-33( Guidelines)-41( for)-9( Examination)-27( of)-48( )]TJ EMC ET /Link <>BDC BT /CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn /TT0 1 Tf 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 307.2414 644.8965 Tm [(patent)-43( applications)-14( related)-2( to)-48( AI)-55( and)-38( machine)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 307.2414 644.2759 cm 0 0 m 214.759 0 l S Q EMC /Link <>BDC BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 631.8621 Tm (learning)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 60.8276 631.2413 cm 0 0 m 37.862 0 l S Q EMC BT /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 98.6897 631.8621 Tm [(\),)-36( while)-16( warning)-28( that)-38( expressions)-18( such)-6( as)-3( "support)-16( vector)-42( machine",)-59( "reasoning)-19( engine")-55( or)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC -3.588 -1.235 Td [("neural)-42( network")-26( trigger)-48( a)-32( caution)-11( flag)-35( as)-3( typically)-32( referring)-42( to)-48( abstract)-31( models)-12( devoid)-54( of)-48( technical)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(character,)-25( point)-8( out)-22( that)-38( applications)-14( of)-48( IA)-55( and)-38( ML)-23( do)-6( make)-26( technical)-54( contributions)-37( that)-38( are)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(patentable,)-52( such)-6( as)-3( for)-9( example:)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC 0.008 Tw 8.6897 0 0 8.6897 85.6552 571.0345 Tm [(The)-63( use)-31( of)-23( a)-15( neural)-7( network)-70( in)-8( a)-15( heart)-7(-)-24(monitoring)-46( apparatus)-53( for)-47( the)-39( purpose)-30( of)-23( identifying)-69( irregular)-47( heartbeats;)-68( or)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC 0 -1.214 TD [(The)-63( classification)-46( of)-23( digital)-31( images,)-70( videos,)-46( audio)-54( or)-39( speech)-62( signals)-31( based)-62( on)-31( low)-71(-)-24(level)-15( features,)-38( such)-31( as)-15( for)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC 0 -1.214 TD [(example)-7( edges)-62( or)-39( pixel)-15( attributes)-30( for)-47( images)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 528.2069 Tm [(In)-48( contrast,)-47( classifying)-35( text)-35( documents)-50( solely)-32( based)-41( on)-6( their)-55( textual)-54( content)-14( is)-43( cited)-6( as)-3( not)-22( being)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(regarded)-57( to)-48( be)-6( a)-32( technical)-54( purpose)-34( per)-26( se,)-19( but)-22( a)-32( linguistic)-48( one)-38( \(T)-56( 1358/09\).)-10( Classifying)-48( abstract)-31( data)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(records)-19( or)-52( even)-8( "telecommunication)-15( network)-28( data)-54( records")-17( without)-8( any)-35( indication)-11( of)-48( a)-32( technical)-54( use)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(being)-25( made)-28( of)-48( the)-22( resulting)-44( classification)-38( is)-43( also)-48( given)-22( as)-3( an)-6( example)-45( of)-48( failing)-35( to)-48( be)-6( a)-32( technical)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(purpose,)-50( even)-8( if)-29( the)-22( classification)-38( algorithm)-6( may)-52( be)-6( considered)-50( to)-48( have)-8( valuable)-41( mathematical)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(properties)-25( such)-6( as)-3( robustness)-50( \(T)-56( 1784/06\).)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(In)-48( Japan,)-57( according)-18( to)-48( examination)-21( guidelines,)-43( software)-45(-)-20(related)-2( patents)-14( can)-35( be)-6( granted)-21( for)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(inventions)-27( \223concretely)-51( realizing)-42( the)-22( information)-54( processing)-47( performed)-31( by)-3( the)-22( software)-45( by)-3( using)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.471 TD [(hardware)-8( resources\224)]TJ EMC ET /P <>BDC BT /CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tw 8.6897 0 0 8.6897 158.2759 415.2414 Tm (4)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 158.2758 414.6207 cm 0 0 m 4.966 0 l S Q EMC BT /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 163.2414 411.5172 Tm [(.)-16( It)-32( may)-52( be)-6( easier)-42( to)-48( get)-22( a)-32( patent)-43( on)-6( an)-6( AI)-55( system)-9( there.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC -9.706 -2.176 Td [(As)-9( you)-35( can)-35( appreciate,)-53( you)-35( may)-52( end)-38( up)-6( with)-46( variable)-28( results)-55( from country)-15( to)-48( country.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(Several)-22( industry)-28( giants,)-54( such)-6( as)-3( Google,)-27( Microsoft,)-19( IBM)-45( and)-38( Amazon)-38( keep)-8( filing)-3( applications)-14( for)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(Artificial)-29( Intelligence)-60( and)-38( AI)-55(-)-20(related)-2( technologies.)-49( It)-32( remains)-32( to)-48( be)-6( seen)-8( how)-48( many,)-42( and)-38( which,)-48( will)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(be)-6( granted,)-37( and)-38( ultimately)-12( which)-32( will)-24( be)-6( upheld)-57( in)-45( court.)-28( The)-42( best)-51( strategy)-31( for)-9( now)-48( may)-52( be)-6( to)-48( file)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(applications)-14( for)-9( novel)-22( and)-38( non)-38(-)-20(obvious)-25( inventions)-27( with)-45( a)-32( sufficient)-54( level)-3( of)-48( technical)-54( detail)-22( and)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(examples)-15( of)-48( concrete)-47( applications,)-30( in)-45( the)-22( event)-25( case)-6( law)-29( evolves)-22( such)-6( that)-38( Artificial)-29( Intelligence)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(patents)-14( are)-26( indeed)-57( valid)-3( a)-32( few)-32( years)-26( down)-22( the)-22( road,)-15( at)-48( least)-6( in)-45( some)-26( countries.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(Judicial)-19( exceptions)-43( remain:)]TJ EMC /LI <>BDC 0 Tw 8.6897 0 0 8.6897 73.2414 255.7241 Tm (a)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 0.571 0 Td (. )Tj EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.008 Tw 0.857 0 Td [(Mathematical)-22( Concepts)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf 11.214 0 Td [(:)-8( mathematical)-54( relationships,)-37( mathematical)-54( formulas)-23( or)-40( equations,)-29( mathematical)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC 0 Tw -11.214 -1.214 Td (calculations;)Tj EMC /LI <>BDC -1.429 -1.214 Td (b)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 0.571 0 Td (. )Tj EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.008 Tw 0.857 0 Td [(Certain)-55( methods)-47( of)-56( organizing)-15( human)-8( activity)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf 22 0 Td [(:)-8( fundamental)-68( economic)-7( principles)-63( or)-40( practices)-70( \(including)-7( hedging,)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC -22 -1.214 Td [(insurance,)-30( mitigating)-7( risk\);)-48( commercial)-32( or)-40( legal)-31( interactions)-30( \(including)-7( agreements)-6( in)-8( the)-39( form of)-23( contracts;)-22( legal)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC 0 -1.214 TD [(obligations;)-13( advertising,)-30( marketing)-39( or)-40( sales)-23( activities)-23( or)-40( behaviours;)-45( business)-54( relations\);)-38( managing)-38( personal)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC 0 -1.214 TD [(behaviour)-38( or)-40( relationships)-30( or)-39( interactions)-30( between)-6( people)-69( \(including)-7( social)-15( activities,)-31( teaching,)-13( and)-46( following)-39( rules)-47( or)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC T* [(instructions\);)-46( and)]TJ EMC /LI <>BDC 0 Tw -1.357 -1.214 Td (c)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw (. )Tj EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.008 Tw 1.357 0 Td [(Mental)-47( processes)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf 8.5 0 Td [(:)-8( concepts)-69( performed)-14( in)-8( the)-38( human)-14( mind)-47( \(including)-7( an)-31( observation,)-53( evaluation,)-21( judgment,)]TJ EMC /LBody <>BDC 0 Tw -8.5 -1.214 Td (opinion\).)Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 149.5862 Tm [(Take)-12(-)-20(home)-28( message:)-18( patent)-43( applications)-14( on)-6( AI)-55( technology)-46( should)-54( identify)-8( a)-32( technical)-54( problem,)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(provide)-15( a)-32( detailed)-27( technical)-54( description)-47( of)-48( specific)-19( implementations)-14( of)-48( the)-22( innovation)-30( that)-38( solve)-19( or)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(mitigate)-28( the)-22( technical)-54( problem,)-51( and)-38( give)-48( examples)-15( of)-48( possible)-38( outcomes)-18( have)-8( a)-32( greater)-8( hope)-11( of)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(getting)-57( allowed)-22( into)-35( a)-32( stronger)-38( patent.)-1( Setting)-5( the)-22( innovation)-30( within)-32( a)-32( specific)-19( industry)-28( or)-52( as)-3( related)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(to)-48( specific)-19( circumstances)-22( and)-38( explaining)-27( the)-22( advantages)-6( over)-55( known)-51( existing)-22( systems)-39( and)-38( methods)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(contributes)-50( to)-48( overcoming)-8( subject)-8( matter)-48( eligibility)-45( issues.)]TJ EMC ET endstream endobj 4 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState 274 0 R/XObject 275 0 R>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 18/Type/Page/Tabs/S>> endobj 5 0 obj [15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] endobj 6 0 obj <>stream /CS0 cs 1 scn 36 766.552 576 -694.552 re f /H2 <>BDC q 36 72 576 695 re W n BT 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 756.0001 Tm (Copyright)Tj ET EMC Q BT /P <>BDC 0 scn /TT1 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 733.0345 Tm [(From)-20( the)-22( copyright)-2( standpoint,)-49( we)-16( have)-8( also)-48( some)-26( difficulties,)-38( especially)-22( for)-9( the)-22( work)-7( created)-18( by)-3( an)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(AI)-55( system.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(Copyright)-15( may)-52( protect)-2( original)-12( Artificial)-29( Intelligence)-60( software)-45( if)-29( it)-29( consists)-35( of)-48( \223literary)-20( works\224)-56( under)-31( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT2 1 Tf 0 -1.235 TD [(Copyright)-15( Act)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf 6.059 0 Td [(,)-16( including:)-11( computer)-8( source)-58( code,)-25( interface)-47( elements,)-18( a)-32( set)-19( of)-48( methods)-47( of)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC -6.059 -1.235 Td [(communication)-41( for)-9( a)-32( database)-4( system,)-26( a)-32( web)-48(-)-20(based)-41( system,)-25( an)-6( operating)-7( system,)-26( or)-52( a)-32( software)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(library.)-59( Copyright)-15( can)-35( cover)-26( data)-54( in)-46( a)-32( database)-4( if)-29( it)-29( complies)-55( with)-46( the)-22( definition)-57( of)-48( a)-32( compilation,)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(thereby)-18( protecting)-21( the)-22( collection)-8( and)-38( assembling)-2( of)-48( data)-54( or)-52( other)-15( materials.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(There)-35( are)-25( two)-32( main)-9( difficulties)-22( in)-45( the)-22( recognition)-50( of)-48( copyright)-2( protection)-21( in)-46( AI)-55( creation:)-47( one)-38( relates)-58( to)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(the)-22( machine)-44(-)-20(generated)-26( work)-7( that)-38( does)-8( not)-22( involve)-6( the)-22( input)-8( of)-48( human)-2( skill)-40( and)-38( judgment)-5( and)-38( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(second)-11( concerns)-2( the)-22( concept)-27( of)-48( an)-6( author,)-5( which)-32( does)-8( not)-22( specifically)-48( exclude)-25( machine)-44( work)-7( but)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(may)-52( eliminate)-58( it)-29( indirectly)-55( by)-3( way)-45( of)-48( section)-8( 5)-32( of)-48( the)-22( )]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT2 1 Tf [(Copyright)-15( Act)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf 29.647 0 Td [(,)-16( which)-32( indicates)-54( that)-38( copyright)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC -29.647 -1.235 Td [(shall)-3( subsist)-6( in)-45( Canada)-27( in)-46( original)-12( work)-7( where)-42( the)-22( author)-47( was)-45( a)-32( citizen)-48( or)-52( resident)-31( of)-48( a)-32( treaty)-28( country)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(at)-48( the)-22( time)-52( of)-48( creation)-31( of)-48( the)-22( work.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(Recently,)-8( we)-16( have)-8( seen)-8( Artificial)-29( Intelligence)-60( systems)-39( creating)-31( visual)-32( art)-9( and)-38( music.)-52( The)-42( artistic)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(value)-22( of)-48( these)-25( creations)-2( may)-52( be)-6( disputed.)-1( However,)-12( the)-22( commercial)-7( value)-22( can)-35( be)-6( significant,)-41( for)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(example)-44( if)-29( an)-6( AI)-55( creates)-15( the)-22( soundtrack)-50( to)-48( a)-32( movie.)-55( There)-35( are)-26( major)-29( research)-51( projects)-28( involving)-51( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(use)-35( of)-48( AI)-55( technologies)-33( to)-48( write)-7( source)-58( code)-8( for)-9( some)-26( specific)-19( applications,)-30( for)-9( example)-44( in)-46( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(gaming)-15( industry.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(Some)-35( jurisdictions)-12( do)-6( not)-22( provide)-15( copyright)-2( protection)-21( to)-48( work)-7( created)-18( by)-3( machines,)-31( like)-29( the)-22( US)-23( and)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(Canada.)-43( In)-48( Canada,)-43( some)-26( recent)-45( case)-6( law)-29( specifically)-48( stated)-41( that)-38( for)-9( a)-32( work)-7( to)-48( be)-6( protected)-7( under)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 Tw 0 -1.471 TD [(the)-22( )]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT2 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 1.706 0 Td [(Copyright)-15( Act)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf 6.059 0 Td [(,)-16( you)-35( need)-11( a)-32( human)-2( author)]TJ EMC ET /P <>BDC BT /CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tw 8.6897 0 0 8.6897 271.2414 433.8621 Tm (5)Tj ET /CS1 CS 0 0 1 SCN 0.621 w q 1 0 0 1 271.2414 433.2415 cm 0 0 m 4.966 0 l S Q EMC BT /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT1 1 Tf 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 276.2069 430.138 Tm (.)Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -20.412 -2.176 Td [(In)-48( the)-22( US,)-39( some)-26( may)-52( remember)-32( Naruto,)-15( the)-22( monkey)-28( that)-38( took)-51( a)-32( selfie.)-35( In)-48( the)-22( end,)-54( there)-15( was)-45( no)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(copyright)-2( in)-46( the)-22( picture.)-15( While)-29( we)-16( are)-26( not)-22( sure)-55( how)-48( this)-32( will)-24( translate)-47( for)-9( Artificial)-29( Intelligence)-60( at)-48( this)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(point,)-25( it)-29( is)-43( difficult)-6( to)-48( foresee)-18( that)-38( an)-6( AI)-55( system)-9( would)-35( have)-8( any)-35( such)-6( right)-55( if)-29( a)-32( monkey)-28( has)-35( none.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(Meanwhile,)-2( other)-15( countries,)-18( such)-6( as)-3( the)-22( UK,)-39( New)-59( Zealand)-34( and)-38( Ireland,)-18( have)-8( legal)-6( provisions)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(whereby)-44( the)-22( programmer)-26( of)-48( the)-22( Artificial)-29( Intelligence)-60( technology)-46( will)-24( likely)-13( be)-6( the)-22( owner)-42( of)-48( the)-22( work)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(created)-18( by)-3( the)-22( computer.)-24( These)-44( changes)-43( were)-9( not)-22( specifically)-48( made)-28( with)-45( AI)-55( in)-46( mind,)-26( but)-22( it)-29( is)-43( likely)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(that)-38( the)-22( broad)-31( language)-4( that)-38( was)-45( used)-8( will)-24( apply.)-38( For)-29( example,)-2( in)-45( the)-22( UK,)-39( copyright)-2( is)-43( granted)-21( to)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.471 TD [(\223the)-42( person)-2( by)-3( whom)-39( the)-22( arrangements)-7( necessary)-31( for)-9( the)-22( creation)-31( of)-48( the)-22( work)-7( are)-26( undertaken\224)]TJ EMC ET /P <>BDC BT /CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tw 8.6897 0 0 8.6897 507.1034 307.2414 Tm (6)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 507.1034 306.6207 cm 0 0 m 4.966 0 l S Q EMC BT /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT1 1 Tf 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 512.069 303.5173 Tm (.)Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -42.765 -2.176 Td [(The)-42( work)-7( created)-18( by)-3( the)-22( system)-9( may)-52( have)-8( no)-6( protection)-21( at)-48( all)-59( in)-45( Canada,)-44( the)-22( US)-23( and)-38( several)-12( other)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(jurisdictions,)-28( but)-22( be)-6( protected)-7( by)-3( 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